The colon and rectum are parts of the large intestine that absorb water and form stool. Surgery may be needed for issues like cancer or polyps.

The esophagus and stomach help move and digest food, and may need surgery for issues like reflux, ulcers, or cancer.

These involve the female reproductive organs and are done for fibroids, cysts, endometriosis, or gynecologic cancers.

The liver and gallbladder aid digestion and detoxification, and may need surgery for stones, tumors, or inflammation.

The pancreas supports digestion and blood sugar control, with surgeries often done for tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

The kidney, bladder, and prostate manage urine flow and may need surgery for stones, enlargement, or cancer.